星球视界丨连沙特都废除的鞭刑，为何在一个高度文明的国家盛行
<p style="margin:10px 0px"><p style="margin:10px 0px">沙特日前废除了沿用已久的鞭刑，宣布朝着刑法改革再迈进一步。伴随着人权争议的鞭刑至今仍被广泛应用，在新加坡，鞭刑甚至在刑罚上拥有独一无二的地位。被认为 " 酷刑 " 的鞭刑，为何还能留存至今？</p><strong>鞭刑沙特被废 人权改革向前一步</strong> </p><p style="margin:10px 0px">日前，沙特阿拉伯正式宣布废除鞭刑，这被视为是沙特刑法改革进程向前迈出的重要一步。沙特最高法院在一份文件中强调说，鞭刑正式被废除，改为对犯罪者量罪判刑（进监狱）、罚款或者二者同时使用的惩罚手段。因鞭刑导致受刑者皮开肉绽、体无完肤，沙特已不止一次被国际人权组织点名，沙特最高法院强调，<zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">"</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">此</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">次</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">是</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">王</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">储</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">穆</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">罕</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">默</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">德</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">·</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">本</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">·</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">萨</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">勒</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">曼</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">及</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">国</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">王</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">萨</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">勒</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">曼</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">对</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">沙</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">特</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">进</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">行</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">人</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">权</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">改</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">革</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">一</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">个</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">延</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">伸</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">"</zkspan>。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">这是个让人听之生畏的字眼，鞭刑存在于人类历史的各个时期，无论是犹太人、埃及人、波斯人还是斯巴达人、罗马人和伊斯兰国家，都使用过这种刑罚，初期主要是针对奴隶的刑罚，在后来渐渐成为一些国家对婚外情、通奸、酗酒滋事、杀人等罪行的惩罚手段。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">鞭刑，顾名思义，执刑者会以竹片或藤甚至是牛皮制成的鞭，鞭打犯人的臀部，<zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">鞭</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">刑</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">打</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">法</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">是</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">极</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">"</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">讲</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">究</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">"</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">鞭</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">子</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">非</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">常</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">锋</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">利</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">一</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">鞭</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">子</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">下</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">去</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">就</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">会</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">皮</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">开</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">肉</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">绽</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan>如果受刑者无法一次承受，鞭刑会分多次进行，绝不会让受刑者 " 好了伤疤忘了疼 "，新伤加旧痛的轮回，加上永远不会消失的鞭痕，受刑者估计一辈子都忘不了。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px"><strong>酷刑合法化？鞭刑渐远离人类刑罚范畴</strong> </p><p style="margin:10px 0px">废止酷刑和刑法轻刑化是目前国际刑法的发展趋势。1984 年，联合国通过了《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或者有辱人格的待遇或处罚的公约》。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">该公约第一条明确规定酷刑的概念：" 为了他或第三者所作或涉嫌的行为对他加以处罚，……，蓄意使某人在肉体或精神上遭受剧烈疼痛或痛苦的任何行为，而这种疼痛或痛苦是由公职人员或以官方身份行使职权的其他人所造成或在其唆使、同意或默许下造成的。" 这一概念为各国所接受，目前已有 140 多个国家和地区批准和加入这一公约，从中不难看出鞭刑也属于酷刑这一范畴，多数国家也早已废除这一刑罚。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">欧洲是较早使用鞭刑的地方，同时也是较早废除鞭刑的地区，目前世界上仍有 16 个国家使用鞭刑，<zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">其</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">中</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">包</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">括</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">马</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">来</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">西</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">亚</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">新</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">加</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">坡</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">文</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">莱</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">等</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">东</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">南</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">亚</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">国</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">家</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">同</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">时</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">还</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">有</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">阿</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">富</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">汗</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">巴</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">拿</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">马</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">伊</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">朗</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">阿</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">曼</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">巴</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">基</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">斯</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">坦</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">南</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">非</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">苏</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">丹</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">斯</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">威</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">士</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">兰</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">特</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">立</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">尼</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">达</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">和</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">多</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">巴</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">哥</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">阿</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">拉</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">伯</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">联</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">合</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">酋</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">长</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">国</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">也</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">门</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">、</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">津</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">巴</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">布</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">韦</zkspan>，其中很多是伊斯兰国家。资料指出，伊斯兰教国家之所以存在鞭刑制，应与伊斯兰 " 以牙还牙，以眼还眼 " 的教义有关。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px"><strong>轻罪重罚 新加坡为何替鞭刑背书</strong> </p><p style="margin:10px 0px">令人意外的是，现今世界上鞭刑使用最广泛的不是有着浓厚宗教色彩的伊斯兰国家，而是位于高度文明的新加坡。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">新加坡沿用鞭刑，与其国家历史分不开。新加坡的鞭刑承袭于英国殖民统治时期 , 独立后新加坡继承了英国殖民的法律体制及英属印度的刑法。1948 年，英国通过了刑法修正案，在国内废除了鞭刑。1965 年独立后，新加坡将鞭刑保留至今，成为新加坡五种刑罚之一。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px"><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">轻</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">罪</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">重</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">罚</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">这</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">是</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">外</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">界</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">对</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">新</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">加</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">坡</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">鞭</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">刑</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">用</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">得</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">最</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">多</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">评</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">价</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">。</zkspan>新加坡前总理李光耀在 1966 年公布《破坏法》后，鞭刑超越刑事制裁手段的角色，进一步成为维持社会治安的工具。新加坡对此的官方解释是打击当时的犯罪潮，从 1966 年到 1971 年，持械抢劫犯罪在新加坡上升了 3 倍，当时黑社会帮派活动猖獗是主要原因，鞭刑也顺势成为政府打击犯罪的有力手段。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px"><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">在</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">新</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">加</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">坡</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">必</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">判</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">鞭</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">刑</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">至</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">少</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">有</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">4</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">0</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">种</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">罪</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">名</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">适</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">用</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">鞭</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">刑</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">罪</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">行</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">名</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">单</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">还</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">在</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">延</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">长</zkspan>，政客们一直在媒体上鼓吹鞭刑，要增加鞭刑的使用。目前鞭刑适用强奸、抢劫、贩毒等重罪，也包括较轻的罪行，如非法拥有长刀、匕首等武器、涂鸦等。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">涂鸦即判处鞭刑，还曾将新加坡推向国家舆论的风头浪尖。1994 年，美国少年迈克尔 · 费伊在因为在对新加坡住宅区的车辆连续涂鸦，被判六鞭刑。这在当时的美国引发震动，人权组织介入、时任美国总统克林顿出面求情，最后也只求得改判四鞭刑的结果，新加坡由此在国际社会掀起一大波人权争议。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">根据新加坡官方公布的信息，鞭刑的行刑部位是罪犯裸露的臀部。受刑时，罪犯必须一丝不挂，以特殊的姿势被行刑官用结实的皮带牢牢绑在特制的 " 鞭刑架 " 上，臀部高翘以便受刑。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">据有些受刑者描述，超过十鞭，多半会血肉横飞。受刑的人一个星期内不能正常行走坐卧，伤口至少 3 个星期才能痊愈。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px"><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">据</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">数</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">据</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">统</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">计</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">2</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">0</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">世</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">纪</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">末</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">人</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">口</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">刚</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">满</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">5</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">0</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">0</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">万</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">的</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">新</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">加</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">坡</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">，</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">每</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">年</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">就</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">有</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">约</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">三</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">五</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">千</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">人</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">被</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">判</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">鞭</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">刑</zkspan><zkspan class="halfbg_yellow">。</zkspan>但在新加坡，民众反而对这种被外界称为酷刑的刑罚大多抱持赞同态度。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">就在迈克尔 · 费伊涂鸦事件不断发酵之时，新加坡《海峡时报》曾就鞭刑进行了一次民意调查。结果显示，大约 90% 的新加坡民众认为，应该维持鞭刑。其中，赞成对在公共场所涂鸦实施鞭刑的民众为 79%。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">时至今日，鞭刑仍被放置在新加坡刑法典上的一个重要位置，这种 " 以暴制暴 " 的方式，在新加坡人心里根深蒂固。德国的刑法学者李斯特曾说过：最好的刑事政策，便是好的社会政策。或许改进政府施政，达到社会的长效运转，比一个震慑性的刑罚来得更管用。</p><p style="margin:10px 0px"><p style="margin:10px 0px">参考来源：</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-abolishes-flogging.html</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">http://view.163.com/special/reviews/singaporecaning0201.html</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-abolishes-flogging.html</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">http://view.163.com/13/0201/11/8MKHBELD00012Q9L.html</p><p style="margin:10px 0px">http://tj.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper451/2/class045100002/hwz1375388.htm</p>ZAKER 新闻出品文 / 林冰莲 </p><br>免责声明：如果本文章内容侵犯了您的权益，请联系我们，我们会及时处理，谢谢合作！ 中国就应该用鞭刑 我觉得对于像强奸，尤其侵犯儿童，拐卖儿童等重型罪的，实施鞭刑后再坐牢或枪毙最合适不过 这种处罚的疼痛感明显，生理、心里影响久，但又能痊愈，不留长期后遗症。比单纯罚钱和短期拘役来的意义深刻。 沙特在大使馆内杀人分尸真文明！真人权！ 伊斯兰跟文明就沾不上边 高度文明？ 当今世界 有哪个国家的文明高的过中国？ 问一声小编，是谁封新加坡是高度文明的国家？你多点自信成吗。 支持用重典 有时候酷刑是必须的
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